The fourth-generation J-20 employs superior, futuristic stealth technology. The People’s Liberation Army Air Force of China has invested heavily in avant-garde technology, fighter jets and warships for their defence forces.Ĭhina said that the Dassault Rafale is only a 3.5 generation fighter because of its limited stealth technology.
The People’s Liberation Army Air Force Chengdu J-20 The Indian Air Force is slated to receive 36 more Rafales by 2021. Indian defence analysts stated India has deployed the first five Rafales to the Ladakh area in the Himalayas, following border disputes last month. The biggest threat is China’s surface-to-air missiles. Rafale’s advanced electronic warfare suite, METEOR, SCALP missile systems with sophisticated tracking and detection capabilities can neutralize any assault. In addition, the findings could help advance the development of a Parkinson's test that could detect the disease at an early stage in body fluids, for example, using samples from the spinal fluid.Indian defence experts are of the opinion that The People’s Liberation Army Air Force J-20 stealth fighter is nowhere close to the recently inducted, brand new French Dassault Rafale fighter jets. The researchers also analyzed the binding of copper ions to alpha-synuclein using molecular dynamics computer simulations in tiny steps of 10 to 100 nanoseconds.īecause the oligomer rings are formed at the very beginning of protein transformation, the rings could be used as a target for new forms of therapy, Nirmalraj hopes. In addition, however, this unusual ring-shaped protein structure develops relatively quickly under the influence of copper, which possibly marks the beginning of the pathological process or even triggers it. "On the one hand, high doses of copper seem to accelerate the aggregation process," says Peter Nirmalraj. What's more, the longer fiber-like structures appeared earlier than in a copper-free solution. The existence of such ring-shaped oligomers and their cell-damaging effect are already known. If the researchers then added copper ions to the protein solution, completely different structures appeared under the microscope: Ring-shaped protein structures about 7 nanometers in size, so-called oligomers, appeared in the test tube within only a few hours. Based on the images, the transformation of the soluble protein into clumped fibers about 1 micrometer in length, as they occur during the progression of the disease, can be observed with impressive precision in the laboratory. Using atomic force microscopy, the researchers were then able to observe the protein, which was initially in solution, over a period of ten days as it formed individual insoluble filamentous structures before finally clumping together to form a dense network of fibrils. To visualize the clumping of the alpha-synuclein at the nanometer scale, Empa researcher Silvia Campioni from the Cellulose & Wood Materials lab produced the protein artificially. The researchers suspect that copper in high concentrations interferes with these processes and accelerates the disease process. In affected individuals, this endogenous protein clumps together and causes nerve cells to die.
The researchers are targeting a protein that is involved in several molecular processes in the development of Parkinson's: alpha-synuclein. The team led by Empa researcher Peter Nirmalraj from the Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces lab is investigating this hypothesis using imaging techniques and chemical spectroscopy as well as, in collaboration with the team of Damien Thompson at the University of Limerick, computer simulations. Environmental factors such as pesticides or metals could promote the occurrence of Parkinson's. The slowly progressive disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world after Alzheimer's disease. In the later stages of the disease, this leads to muscle tremors, muscle rigidity and even immobility. What is known about Parkinson's disease is that neurons in the brain die off, resulting in a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine. In addition, the findings could provide opportunities to improve early detection and therapy of the disease. This sheds new light on the development of the neurodegenerative disease and the role of biometals in the disease process. In doing so, they were also able to visualize at the nanoscale the connection with environmental pollution by copper. Researchers at Empa and the University of Limerick in Ireland have now taken a closer look at the abnormal shape of these alpha-synucleins in the form of protein rings. Long before the onset of the typical muscle tremor, the appearance of defective proteins in the brain could be a first sign. Newswise - The causes of Parkinson's disease are not yet fully understood.
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